Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Basic Fundamentals, Principle, Measuring Parameters and Applications
Ayman Alashmay ,
Since 1980s, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed, (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. The formation of the plasma only begins when the focused laser achieves a certain threshold for optical breakdown, which generally depends on the environment and the target material. The versatility of (LIBS) has been demonstrated in various industrial application. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy will be discussed in this article including its fundamentals, industrial applications, and challenges